A business converts inputs into outputs through an interconnected system:
企業透過互連系統將輸入轉化為輸出：
Inputs: lithium, engineers, vision, capital → Process: Gigafactories → Outputs: EVs, energy storage, industry transformation.
輸入：鋰電池、工程師、願景、資本 → 處理：Gigafactory → 輸出：電動車、儲能、產業轉型。
All systems stem from scarcity → opportunity cost. Click a system to learn more:
從稀缺性出發 → 機會成本。點擊查看：
H1: Search ads (80%+) · H2: YouTube, Cloud · H3: Waymo, DeepMind
| Causation | Effectuation | |
|---|---|---|
| Logic邏輯 | Goal → find means目標→找手段 | Means → imagine outcomes手段→想像結果 |
| Risk風險 | Predict & avoid預測規避 | Control & embrace控制擁抱 |
5 Principles: 🐦 Bird in Hand · 💸 Affordable Loss · 🧩 Crazy Quilt · 🍋 Lemonade · ✈️ Pilot in the Plane
五原則：🐦 手中鳥 · 💸 可負擔虧損 · 🧩 瘋狂拼布 · 🍋 檸檬水 · ✈️ 飛行員
Failed game company → discovered internal chat tool had demand → "Lemonade" turned a byproduct into $27B.
遊戲失敗→發現內部溝通工具有需求→「檸檬水」把副產品變成 $27B。
Click each force to see its strength analysis and examples:
點擊每個力量查看強度分析與案例：
EVs → Growth/Shakeout · Smartphones → Maturity · Newspapers → Decline
電動車→成長/淘汰 · 智慧手機→成熟 · 報紙→衰退
Click each segment to see how it creates value:
點擊每個環節查看如何創造價值：
Test any resource — answer Yes/No step by step:
測試任何資源——逐步回答：
Valuable?
Creates value or neutralises threats?能創造價值？
Rare?
Few competitors have it?競爭者缺少？
Inimitable?
Costly to imitate?難以模仿？
Organized?
Firm exploits it?組織善用？
Mkt現有
市場
Mkt新
市場
Segment: sports/fashion/pro. Target: young, performance-driven. Position: "Just Do It".
區隔：運動/時尚/專業。目標：年輕追求表現者。定位："Just Do It"。
Product: Flat-pack. Price: Low-cost. Promotion: Catalogue+social+showroom. Place: Suburban+online+pop-up.
Product：平整包裝。Price：低價。Promotion：目錄+社群+展間。Place：郊區+線上+市中心。
Differentiation: Image (Hermès) · Personnel (Singapore Airlines) · Product (Dyson) · Service (Amazon Prime).
差異化：形象(Hermès) · 人員(新航) · 產品(Dyson) · 服務(Amazon Prime)。
Invention = create new thing. Innovation = commercialise it. Types: Incremental · Disruptive · Radical.
發明=創造。創新=商業化。漸進式·破壞式·激進式。
⚡ = The Chasm — where most start-ups die.
⚡ = 鴻溝——多數新創死在這裡。
Invented digital camera 1975, shelved it to protect film. Bankrupt 2012. Successful firms over-serve existing customers and miss disruption from below.
1975 年發明數位相機但擱置以保護底片。2012 年破產。大企業太專注現有客戶，錯失低端破壞。
| Strategy策略 | How做法 | Ex |
|---|---|---|
| Penetration | Low to grab share低價搶市佔 | Netflix |
| Skimming | High first, reduce高價再降 | iPhone |
| Yield Mgmt | Dynamic動態 | Airlines機票 |
| Freemium | Free + paid免費+付費 | Spotify |
Lewin: Unfreeze → Change → Refreeze. Kotter expands this into 8 steps — click each:
Lewin：解凍→變革→凍結。Kotter 展開為八步驟——點擊查看：
SMART: Specific · Measurable · Achievable · Relevant · Time-bound.
Culture: Clan (Zappos) · Adhocracy (Google) · Market (Amazon) · Hierarchy (Banks).
SMART：具體·可衡量·可達成·相關·有期限。
文化：Clan(Zappos) · Adhocracy(Google) · Market(Amazon) · Hierarchy(銀行)。
Click each layer of the pyramid:
點擊金字塔的每一層：
| Theory理論 | Core核心 |
|---|---|
| Herzberg | Hygiene (salary) prevents dissatisfaction ≠ motivation. Achievement = true motivator.保健(薪水)防不滿≠激勵。成就感=真正激勵。 |
| X / Y | X: people lazy, need control. Y: self-motivated, empower.X：人懶需監督。Y：有動力、授權。 |
| Vroom | M = E(can I?) × I(reward?) × V(want it?). Any zero = no motivation.M = E×I×V。缺一為零。 |
| Adams | Compare I/O ratios. Unfair → quit or slack off.比較投入/產出。不公平→離職或怠工。 |
Hygiene: high salary, free meals. Motivators: 20% time, flat culture. Gmail was born from 20% time.
保健：高薪免費餐。激勵：20% 自由時間。Gmail 從 20% 專案誕生。
Cultural (McDonald's no beef in India) · Administrative (EU zero tariffs) · Geographic (IKEA flat-pack) · Economic (luxury pricing differs).
Cultural（印度不賣牛肉）· Administrative（EU零關稅）· Geographic（IKEA平整包裝）· Economic（奢侈品定價不同）。
Global高整合
Global低整合
Left→right: Risk↑ Control↑ Investment↑
由左到右：風險↑控制力↑投資↑